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In the 6th year of the reign of Thai King Rama I (20 March 1736 – 7 September 1809), a decision was taken to resettle and revive the city of Chiang Mai as a bastion of Siamese power in the north. The task of re-establishment fell to Chao Kavila, ruler of Lampang, who was established as viceroy of the north at Chiang Mai in 2339 BE / 1796 CE and immediately began the task of resettling and defending the city.<br/><br/> Over the next four years, on Kavila's orders, Chiang Mai's city fortifications were restored and strengthened as a bulwark against frequent attacks from the Burmese. By 2343 BE /1800 CE the main walls and gates enclosing the old city had been rebuilt, and Kavila was able to turn his attention to the rapidly expanding southern and eastern suburbs, located between the old city and the River Ping - an area which today includes the Thapae, Changmoi and Changklan Roads, and which constitutes Chiang Mai's busy financial and commercial centre.<br/><br/> For the defense of this region a high earthen rampart, faced with brick and reinforced in places with brick bastions, was built southwards from Jaeng Ku Ruang, the old city's south-western corner. Curving first to the east and then northwards, these new ramparts encompassed a broad sweep of land between the present Tippanet and Thapae Road areas, before finally swinging north-westwards to rejoin the old city wall at the north-eastern, Sri Phum corner. On the outer side of this new wall, as an additional defense, local streams were redirected to form a moat - in the west, flowing southwards from the old city moat, the waters of the Huai Kaeo, or Emerald Stream, and in the east, flowing southwards to meet them, the waters of the Klong Mae Kha.
Hồ Chí Minh, born Nguyễn Sinh Cung and also known as Nguyễn Ái Quốc (19 May 1890 – 3 September 1969) was a Vietnamese Communist revolutionary leader who was prime minister (1946–1955) and president (1945–1969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). He formed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and led the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War until his death. Hồ led the Viet Minh independence movement from 1941 onward, establishing the communist-governed Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 and defeating the French Union in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu. He lost political power inside North Vietnam in the late 1950s, but remained as the highly visible figurehead president until his death.
Between 1970 and 1975 Norodom Sihanouk was nominally head of the Khmer Rouge-dominated Royal Government of National Union of Kampuchea (acronym from the French GRUNK), the opposition to Lon Nol's pro-American Khmer Republic. In 1973 he travelled from Beijing to the Khmer Rouge 'liberated zone' of Cambodia for propaganda purposes.<br/><br/> The Khmer Rouge, or Communist Party of Kampuchea, ruled Cambodia from 1975 to 1979, led by Pol Pot, Nuon Chea, Ieng Sary, Son Sen and Khieu Samphan. It is remembered primarily for its brutality and policy of social engineering which resulted in millions of deaths. Its attempts at agricultural reform led to widespread famine, while its insistence on absolute self-sufficiency, even in the supply of medicine, led to the deaths of thousands from treatable diseases (such as malaria). Brutal and arbitrary executions and torture carried out by its cadres against perceived subversive elements, or during purges of its own ranks between 1976 and 1978, are considered to have constituted a genocide. Several former Khmer Rouge cadres are currently on trial for war crimes in Phnom Penh.
Wat Chai Wattanaram (Watthanaram) wad built in the 17th century during the reign of King Prasat Thong (reign: 1629 - 1656), who was the first king of the Prasat Thong Dynasty. It is built very much in the Angkor / Khmer style.<br/><br/> Ayutthaya (Ayudhya) was a Siamese kingdom that existed from 1351 to 1767. Ayutthaya was friendly towards foreign traders, including the Chinese, Vietnamese (Annamese), Indians, Japanese and Persians, and later the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch and French, permitting them to set up villages outside the city walls. In the sixteenth century, it was described by foreign traders as one of the biggest and wealthiest cities in the East. The court of King Narai (1656–1688) had strong links with that of King Louis XIV of France, whose ambassadors compared the city in size and wealth to Paris.
Phitsanulok is an ancient city in the lower plains of northern Thailand. It was capital of the Ayutthaya kingdom for 25 years from 1463 after a series of Burmese invasions. Although Phitsanulok is not located far to the north, the people of the region were known to the central Siamese as Lao at the turn of the 20th century.
Phitsanulok is an ancient city in the lower plains of northern Thailand. It was capital of the Ayutthaya kingdom for 25 years from 1463 after a series of Burmese invasions. Although Phitsanulok is not located far to the north, the people of the region were known to the central Siamese as Lao at the turn of the 20th century.